Internet Crimes And The Internet - 1719 Words

Introduction The purpose of this research is to discuss about cybercrimes also known as internet crimes. The researcher has taken help from a number of online sources and a few books as well. Firstly, the researcher will discuss about cybercrime, how and when it came in existence. The researcher then will categorize cybercrimes into 2 parts, cyber abuse and cyber-attacks. This in turn has a few subtopics to follow. And lastly, the researcher will discuss prevention from these kind of attacks. Technology has been increasing so rapidly in the past fifteen years that it has increased the use of computers in our daily lives and in the business sector. To keep pace with the rapid increase in technology, industries such as banking, health, education etc. are very dependent on Internet for all its activities. However, what is Internet? Internet is the largest wide area network (WAN) that connects millions of computers worldwide and it is easily accessible at any corner of the world. Since the evolution of the Internet almost 20 years back, it has gradually changed and in turn changed our lives as well and has left a great impact on our lives. In the earlier times, Internet was only used to search for information but now it not only contains a library of information but has also become a means of interacting and communicating with one another and to be able to get new ideas. In simple words, it has become a necessity in our daily lives. We are very much dependent on Internet forShow MoreRelatedRole of the Internet and Crime1140 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the internet and crime The Role of the Internet and Crime The Role of the Internet and Crime Michelle Herrick Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism Strayer University Professor Masudur Chowdhury Prepared- 02/16/2013 ` The Role of the Internet and Crime Explain how the Internet has aided criminal activity. The internet has aided to criminal activity by providing an increased amount of anonymity for the criminal. They are able to commit crimes from long distances evenRead MoreThe Role of the Internet and Crime971 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of the Internet and Crime Strayer University Crime has been around for a long time and will probably never disappear. With the invention of many things such as the wheel, the tool helps criminals. The wheel helped the criminals get away faster which made it harder to catch them. Criminals will always look for ways to make their â€Å"job† easier. With the advancement of technology come the advanced criminals. The internet has become one of the biggest toolsRead MoreCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, have added another dimension to crime. The intensity with which the Internet is used in our everyday lives is a huge factor in determining the increasing rates of cyber-crime. In this era of technological advances, people are unaware of the high risk of exposure of their personal information. While each of the networks that make up the Internet is owned by a public or private organization, no single organization or government owns or controls the Internet. According to a study conducted by theRead MoreCyber Crimes on the Internet1117 Words   |  5 Pageswide web, also called the Internet, was made, although the Internet may be found all the way back in 1958. The internet used to be the place the nerds hung out when it first started now everyone is on the internet. By the millennium the web became a world wide phenomenon. You may now order pizza from your computer talk to your girlfriend or boyfriend, and even play a game with a friend in another country. With this new technology also comes with it a whole new set of crimes, such as stalking, hackingRead More Internet Crime Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Crime New times bring new crimes. Actually, as time moves on and our world becomes more technologically dependant, the same old time-tested crimes evolve to fit the arena of the Net. To be specific, the most common Internet crimes are forgery, assault, fraud, and theft.[1] Identity Identity—it’s our most valuable commodity. It defines who we are and is essential to doing business and carrying on personal relationships. But on the Net, identity is ambiguous. To paraphrase MicrosoftsRead MoreEssay on Crime on the Internet2102 Words   |  9 Pagescybercriminals committing cybercrimes. As an unregulated hodgepodge of corporations, individuals, governments, educational institutions, and other organizations that have agreed in principle to use a standard set of communication protocols, the Internet is wide open to exploitation. There are no sheriffs on the Information Superhighway waiting to zap potential offenders with a radar gun or search for weapons if someone looks suspicious. By almost all accounts, this lack of law enforcement leavesRead MoreSecurity Of Computer And Internet Crimes1628 Words   |  7 PagesAloysius L. Keaton Paper #1 Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes Introduction The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world. Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today’s society it is being used for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer skills to harmRead MoreInternet Crime and Moral Responsibility3336 Words   |  14 PagesInternet Crime and Moral Responsibility Internet Crime and Moral Responsibility 3 Introduction 3 What is Internet Crime? 3 Types of Crimes 3 Phishing 3 Child Pornography 4 Cyber Stalking 5 Computer Intrusion 5 Denial of Service Attacks and Cyber War 5 Identity Theft 6 Whose responsibility is it to report these crimes? 7 Reporting agencies 8 Conclusion 8 References 9 Internet Crime and Moral Responsibility Introduction The Internet is the technological genius of the computerRead MoreThe Internet: The Crime Solvers Technological Watson972 Words   |  4 Pages2013 The Internet: The Crime Solvers Technological Watson The popularity of television shows such as CSI and NCIS has raised public awareness of forensic science and increased the demand for information on the topic and its sub-specialities. The Internet has proven to be valuable resource because there is such a great deal of information that is both free and easily accessible. Just as the great fictional detective Sherlock Holmes solved crimes with the help of Dr. Watson, todays crime solversRead MoreCybercrime : A Crime That Is Done Using The Internet Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesCybercrime is a crime that is done using the internet (Burton, 2007). Cybercrime is growing as the internet has grown in popularity. We now use the internet to conduct business, to do banking, for our healthcare, and to communicate with our friends and family. The internet holds an amazing amount of information on people and businesses. The internet gives those who want to use this information for illegal purposes, a tool to access unlimited information. As the growth of the internet has exploded

Media, Society s Absurdity - 863 Words

Media, Society’s Absurdity As time has progressed, society in North America has gone through the challenge of accepting homosexuality as a â€Å"normal orientation†. As Americans, media has become a powerful tool in manipulating the minds of the public. Furthermore, trying to escape the theories and viewpoints that are carefully calculated in several mediums has become nearly impossible to avoid stereotypes regarding gender roles and sexual orientations. Primarily, homosexuality has been one of the most recently stereotyped in the last 100 years. Leaders of media have deprived and harmed the lives of homosexuals since the beginning of the mainstream media, eventually forcing people to rise against heteronormative life styles by explaining how the media has effected homosexuals, through films, advertisement and social media. Nonetheless, there have been those who rebel against society’s prototypical views. Homosexuality has been the center of scrutiny and confusion mainly because media has made lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities fit a certain label that implements ideological images. Some of the sexual revolution of the 1960s has traced homosexuality origins; movies illustrating non-heterosexuals have been around much longer. For an example, the concept of cross-dressing or gender role-reversal started in several productions such as, A Women by Chaplin in 1915. In the film A Women, Chaplin disguises himself as a female and plays with the affection ofShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society.1001 Words   |  5 PagesModern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society. Throughout its long history, the sitcom has been commonly understood to define the cultural norms of modern society through such comedy techniques as satire and irony. Like modern society, certain characteristics of the sitcom have evolved over time, while others have remained consistent. The evolution of the sitcom coincides with the generational shift in attitudes of society towards certain beliefs and values. So, it would seemRead MoreThe World Shapes Who We Are, And What We Believe Or Stand For Today s Society1545 Words   |  7 Pageswho we are, and what we believe or stand for in today’s society. This view, or subjective perception, indirectly influences other people’s lives. We tend to pass it on in hopes of having more people support our main idea, and for others to join hands for a cause we believe in. Daniel Gilbert’s â€Å"Immune to Reality†, Azar Nafisi’s â€Å"Reading Lolita in Tehran†, and Beth Loffreda’s â€Å"Losin g Matt Shepard† all embody the idea of constant battles in society, and where people are not able to achieve something orRead MoreSurrealism And Its Impact On The 19th Century During The 20th Century927 Words   |  4 Pagesa topic of conversation. After the rise of abstract art rose a new style called Dada art. This was one of the most unusual time in part as it went against the common idea as to what art is. Dada led to Surrealism which began to flourish in the 1920’s. Because these two movement are so close together there will be many different similarities and differences between the two. While both have the same underlying message, surrealism is more sexual in comparison compared to dada but both had the same messageRead MoreThe 2000S Were A Tumultuous Time In The United States.1678 Words   |  7 Pagesstealing money from the quasi-family real-estate company. Only his second eldest son, Michael Bluth, who also serves as the main protagonist, is competent enough to try and stabilize the financially crippled company. Outside of his Michael, George Sr.’s family is a hodgepodge of misfits: Lucille, a habitually drunk and pretentious wife; G.O.B., a self-absorbed, inept magician as oldest son; Lindsay Fà ¼nke, a shallow and frivolous daughter; Tobias Fà ¼nke, a highly educated but utterly oblivious son-in-law;Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Network 849 Words   |  4 Pagesheath for the sake of a successful television program, the characters in â€Å"Network† have truly been blinded by fame and top ratings. This satire fiercely describes just how far a television network will go to achieve such accomplishments. In the 1950’s, television changed American entertainment from showing sitcoms to serious news broadcasts. In the movie â€Å"Network,† the setting revolves around a news station, where the ratings are suffering and the workers are growing desperate for attention. TelevisionRead MoreThe Back Of The Future Trilogy Narrative And A Few Selected Episodes Of Futurama Share Time Travel Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagesconsequences of changing both the past and future but uses comedy in order to alleviate the morbid idea of time. They both explore the ideas of butterfly effects, alternate universes, causal loops with scientific accuracy but allows comedy to rectify the absurdity of time travel and its components. Where Back to the Future sees time travel as an idea that can go both backwards and forwards, Futurama clearly states that backwards time travel is difficult to do and prove, but forwards time travel is scientificallyRead MoreReassessing Surrealism: Constructivism and Postcapitalist Appropriation1090 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment of Politics, Stanford University 1. Contexts of economy â€Å"Society is responsible for sexism,† says Debord; however, according to Prinn[1] , it is not so much society that is responsible for sexism, but rather the dialectic of society. In a sense, Sartre suggests the use of postcapitalist appropriation to deconstruct capitalism. If one examines Lacanist obscurity, one is faced with a choice: either reject subcultural discourse or conclude that class has significance, given that theRead MoreThe Idea Of The Absurd3255 Words   |  14 Pages| 1 Definition of Absurdism ab ·surd ·ism /É™bˈsÉ™rdËÅ'izÉ™m,-ˈzÉ™rd-/ noun 1. The belief that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe. The idea of the absurd is seen in many existentialist works, particularly in the works of Albert Camus. Absurdity is the notion of contrast between two things. As Camus defines it in The Myth of Sisyphus: The absurd is born out of this confrontation between the human need and the unreasonable silence of the world This view, which is shared by fellow French philosopherRead MoreIntroduction. 1984 Is One Of OrwellS Most Famous Masterpieces,1267 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 1984 is one of Orwell s most famous masterpieces, and it is a work of opposition to totalitarianism. As a political allegory, 1984 is also Orwell’s last work, which is with his greatest efforts. On the basis of his own experience, Orwell combines reality and 1984 closely, in order to give people a sense of reality. In the book, the description of anti Utopia reflects Orwell s concern about the political trend of the whole human society. His political thinking is summed up in this bookRead MoreWhite Privilege And Male Privilege907 Words   |  4 Pagesexists toward men, because there definitely is, but it is not sexism. Sexism is part prejudice, but it is also one part power and that power is always in a man’s favor. They have always had the upper-hand against women, even in the â€Å"progressive† society that exists today. Male privilege has existed for centuries, but it was not widely discussed until around 1988 when Peggy McIntosh, a scholar working for Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, wrote a paper titled, â€Å"White Privilege and Male

Procedural Programming Learning C# Programming

Question: Discuss about the Report on Procedural Programming? Answer: Testing the procedural programming solution In this testing, the analyzer analyzes the programming with various testing methodologies and also identify the errors in the programming. Here the analyzer uses three sorts of testing alpha test, beta testing, and acceptance testing (Khan, Sadi, and Sirshar, 2015). In this way, it begins with; the analyzer depicts what the fundamental perspective of these three testing. Alpha testing, this testing performs by the software engineer to recognize the inconsistencies in the project or if any issue (Batool et al. 2015). In this application, the software engineer tests this and experiences numerous issues, however, the reality of the matter is that the developer sorted out these disparities and finished all prerequisites. The initial phases of testing Figure 1: Testing steps (Source: Created By author) The software engineers are checking the requirements of this application and identify the actual result of the application. In the alpha testing the programmer test each unit of the program that are run correctly. In this programming, the programmer user many global or local variables to take the input from the users, therefore, the user does not know about the variable they may be put an integer value to a string variable (Thuneman et al. 2015). The solution handles the exception while the program is taking the input prom the user. Therefore, the programmer uses checking this program rapidly and passes it to the next level of testing beta testing. Figure 2: Alpha testing (Source: Created By author) Beta testing, in this testing methodologies the testing state begins with a group of software testing engineers to analysis the discrepancies in this programming. Here the project runs effectively and discovers some information sort mistakes and few error in getting data from the user prompt. Acknowledgment testing performs by the end clients to recognize that their require goals are met effectively (Jordan et al. 2015). Here the analyzer dissected all necessities and discovered nothing that was not implemented in the application as per the appropriate investigation. Identify the discrepancies between the actual result and the current result The analyzer depicts and demonstrate the examination between own perspective with the engineer software application. In the below figure 3, the software engineer exhibits that it was the typical yield, so there are no more irregularities found in the menu section. For this situation study as depict, the menu has to keep up a succession these groupings are impeccably executed in this application (Smith, 2015). At initially, the menu demonstrates that alternative one for the registration, choice two is a numerical aptitude test, the third choice is problem solving test, choice four for the help and the last choice way out for exit the project. The below figure 3, show the login menu option. Figure 3: Menu option (Source: Created by author) Here the programmer does not mention the galaxy school name in the top of the option that is the first problem. Here the programmer needs to add in every module or code block, that is a part of the galaxy school. The mean should look like an interactive to the user, here the user when to try to enter into the numerical test without any registration, the programmer should give the appropriate message to the user that they must register them self at first (Malik, 2015). Here the programmer set a message that the programmer asks the users to put down the unique id, if some students visit first time then they are do not know the rule of this application. Therefore, the programmer must set up logic for coming back to the menu again and check the result, but it contrast with this current result, the analyzer find exception errors. In the login section, the user password must be in hidden character, but here the programmer visualizes this in plain text. The programmer must take the inputs to as character one by one and print immediately in the console where the user put down the password. Here the programmer takes this as a string and compares with it the database where the user name and password are saved (Ali, 2015). In the registration process the programmer requires the users first name, last name, age, gender and class then a random number generator generates a number as a unique Id, which is available just for once. Figure 4: Registration problem (Source: created by author) Here the programmer takes this input from the console port but in the gender section, the programmer uses a string variable that can take all type of test. For example, if the user gives 0XX then no one can verify this user (Malik, 2015). Now the analyzer thinks there must be a checking section where the program checks that must be male or female. This problem is show in figure 4 and figures 4.1. Figure 4.1: Unhandled exception (Source: created by author) The recommendation of the procedure programming solution At the first phase of the successive procedure, the main objectives incorporated into the straight programming model are the first need objectives, and the simplex system is connected in the normal way (Nainggolan et al. 2014). On the off chance that the subsequent ideal arrangement is interesting, the clients receive it quickly without considering any extra objectives. This mathematical aptitude test is sufficient for checking the numerical skill ability of the youngsters. The originator chooses C# as a creating tool for this application. Along these lines, there are few changes to make this application more appropriate. For this circumstance, if this application is created in the online or jFrame than a console base application. Figure 5: 3-Tire application (Source: Created by author) The online application is more suitable than console application because in the web this application looks more sensible and more sensible for childrens. In case, there is any expansion for make, if this application is utilizing as three tire applications, for example, java swing, MVC or PHP than it will be a more attractive interface and more dynamic (Unger, 2014). The analyzer identify that theses application also helps the youngster to enhance their mathematical skill by this application. Therefore, this application should look more attractive because the youngster must have an interest in this application. Here the analyzer proposed that this system may be better if it is implemented in the PHP, JFrame, java swing, etc. Therefore, if this application builds in a 3-tier architecture, than the layer is Client Layer, Application Layer, and Database Layer. In this application, client does not see any kind of parts that is producing results they see only the Graphical user interface and the data (Kumar, 2013). Here the basic structure of the 3-tier application is shown in figure 5. Now come on the point what are the benefits of 3-Tire application such as better re-use, improve data integrity, deduction of the distribution, stronger security, its enhance the availability and the structure makes more secure for database structures. In this case, th is three-tier application is idle for this application because this structure can handle all exceptions and provides a strong database security. The screen that helps in computer program This program designed for the purpose of measure the mathematical ability of the youngsters. Then it calculates the total result for this mathematical test. The youngsters are can log in to this system using their username and password (Rathore and Gupta, 2011). The program should display the on-screen prompts that take the username and password and store in the memory. The program also displays the data on the screen that conform the user enter correctly or not. Here in the below figure, 6 shows that how this interface works. Figure 6: Login Option (Source: Created by author) Figure 7: The menu option (Source: Created by author) In the above figure 7, the programmer set an interactive menu where the users can choose their options. At the initial level the user, have three options in active state registration, help, and exit. If the users choose the first option registration and the program show require options for register them (Nourjou and Hatayama, 2014). After registration, they have a unique ID, which automatically generated by the system itself. This is shown in figure 8. Figure 8: Generation of Unique ID (Source: Created by author) After that, the program asks the user that for Taking Numerical skill test or exit from the application. If the user chooses the option two than the program, goes to the numerical skill test section and ask the question one by one (Okita, 2014). This process is shown in the below figure 9 and 10. In the numerical section the program, ask the user to press enter for a start the numerical skill test. Figure 9: Externs for numerical skill test (Source: Created by author) Figure 10: Numerical skill test (Source: Created by author) According to the scenario the program, follow the rule that the user has to obtain 80 percent mark to pass the numerical kill test and in the problem solving test the user have to obtain 6o percent (Gaddis, 2014). If any user does not pass in the first round, then this user rejected. Here this program generates a result for each student and store it in the database. The support and maintenance of a computer program The Programming support defined as any adjustment made on a product framework after its conveyance. Any product framework mirrors the world inside which it works, when the world changes, the product need to change accordingly. Programming building has been taking a stab at years to enhance the act of programming advancement and support (Morgan, 2015). Documentation has long been evident on the list of prescribed practices to enhance advancement and help support. However, agile techniques began to shake this perspective, contending that the objective of the diversion is to deliver programming and that documentation is just valuable the length of it achieves this objective. Then again, in the rebuilding field, individuals wish they could re-report valuable legacy programming with the goal that they might precede keep up them or move them to a new stage. In this extension, the analyzer records the support procedure of a computer framework: The software engineer has to check that the PC program keeps running as an administration, if not then close it and revive as an administrator. Here to examine a database from the local storage device needs all accessing permission, therefore, it must be run as an administrator (Okita, 2014). Presently about the system, the project must be running on a well-configured system. The developer or client keeps up their junk files from the C drive for better execution as because of this application require more resources (Bhasin, 2014). According to the Answer 4.1 present the appropriate finding The primary goals of the testing dependably give a superior execution and great nature of the application. Here the application is checked in three stages because this three-stage is check in three distinctive reasons or view (Byrne, 2013). Consequently, the primary targets are meeting the prerequisite of the end client and develop to an oversight-free application. According to the answer 4.2 the testing activities Test cases are utilizing different test procedures to accomplish more compelling testing. By this, product fulfillment is provided and states of testing that get the best likelihood of discovering errors are determine. In this way, analyzers do not figure which experiments to choose, what is more, test procedures authorize them to plan testing conditions systematically. Additionally, if one consolidates a wide range of existing test strategies, one will acquire better results rather if one uses only one test strategy (Bhasin, 2014). The program can test in two courses, in another word, one can recognize two different methods such as black box testing and white box testing. Figure 11: White box testing (Source: created by the author) White box testing is very successful in recognizing and determining issues in light of the fact, that fault can be found. This technique is like a testing programming with the information of the inward structure and coding inside the system. White box testing additionally called white-box examination, clear box testing or clear box analysis. It is a methodology for program troubleshooting in which, the analyzer has superb learning of how the project parts act in the real life application (Khan, Sadi, and Sirshar, 2015). It is a methodology for programming debugging in which, the analyzer has great information of how the project segment communicates. Here the programmer checks the entire program line by line, the figure 11 shows how this process works. Figure 12: Black box testing (Source: created by the author) Backtesting is testing methodologies that based on the software output without knowing the programming structure. In another word, a black box is any gadget whose workings are not comprehended by or available to its client. In data mining, a black box is a calculation that does not give a clarification of how it functions (Rathore and Gupta, 2011). Here the black box testing is used to test the program behavior in the above figure 12 shown that how it works. The analyzer analyzes that if the answer is in capital later than the program is act normally but if the user put the answer in small letter then the program works abnormally. According to the answer 4.3 the suitable suggestion for additional functionalities The analyzer identifies that here the programmer has to control the exception, which occurs when the program takes the input from the user. Here the programmer needs to address all exception and print a message to the user interface. In this application, the programmer adds an option to view their unique code more than once when the user already registered the program will show the unique code in the registration option otherwise it works normally. Except these discrepancies, the application is work according to the scenario. The above mention features are the additional requirement for this mathematical skill test for galaxy school. References BOOKS Okita, A., 2014.Learning C# Programming with Unity 3D. CRC Press. Gaddis, T., 2014.Starting out with Visual C# 2010. Pearson (Prentice Hall). Morgan, R., 2015.Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science Programming Book. Cambridge University Press. Okita, A., 2014.Learning C# Programming with Unity 3D. CRC Press. Bhasin, H., 2014.Programming in# c. Oxford University Press. Byrne, B.M., 2013.Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge. Bhasin, H., 2014.Programming in# c. Oxford University Press. JOURNALS Khan, F.H., Sadi, S. and Sirshar, M., 2015. My Tense Compiler: A Step towards Natural Language Programming. Batool, A., ur Rehman, M.H., Khan, A. and Azeem, A., 2015. Impact and Comparison of Programming Constructs on JAVA and C# Source Code Readability. Thuneman, P.Z., Grandine, T.A., Vandenbrande, J.H. and Anderson, G.M., The Boeing Company, 2015.Lazy evaluation of geometric definitions of objects within procedural programming environments. U.S. Patent 8,935,672. Jordan, H., Botterweck, G., Noll, J., Butterfield, A. and Collier, R., 2015. A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages.Science of Computer Programming,98, pp.120-139. Smith, B., 2015. Object-Oriented Programming. InAdvanced ActionScript 3(pp. 1-23). Apress. Malik, W., 2015. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming. InLearn Swift on the Mac(pp. 33-42). Apress. Ali, R., 2015. C#: C# For Beginners Crash Course Master C# Programming Fast and Easy Today. Nainggolan, J., Supian, S., Supriatna, A.K. and Anggriani, N., 2014. Optimal Control Solution of a Tuberculosis Transmission Model with Recurrent Infection and Vaccination Using C# Programming.Advanced Science Letters,20(1), pp.51-55. Unger, G.J., 2014. Rockin the C# Interview: A comprehensive question and answer reference guide for the C# programming language. Kumar, A.N., 2013, October. Using problets for problem-solving exercises in introductory C++/Java/C# courses. In2013 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)(pp. 9-10). IEEE. Rathore, N.P.S. and Gupta, R., 2011, December. A Novel Coupling Metrics Measure difference between Inheritance and Interface to find better OOP Paradigm using C#. InInformation and Communication Technologies (WICT), 2011 World Congress on(pp. 467-472). IEEE. Nourjou, R. and Hatayama, M., 2014. Simulation of an Organization of Spatial Intelligent Agents in the Visual C# .NET Framework.International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, IJCTE,6(5). WEB SITES edX, (2015).Programming with C#. [online] Available at: https://www.edx.org/course/programming-c-microsoft-dev204x-1 [Accessed 12 Dec. 2015].

Western Blotting Sample Essay Example For Students

Western Blotting Sample Essay AbstractionWestern Blotting can be used to observe the Myosin actin visible radiation concatenation in different species of fish and is used to separate from different species based on fluctuation. commonalty. or evolutionary divergency. First. proteins are extracted from the tissue and loaded into a gel matrix. The matrix will divide the proteins harmonizing to size utilizing an electric current. Proteins that are separated after are blotted from the gel and onto a paper membrane. An antibody is so added to the membrane paper and causes a coloured reaction. Following the reaction. the consequences help observe and quantify a individual protein among 100s of other proteins in the sample. Western blotting is used during this process to prove that proteins can be indexs of familial and evolutionary similarity. Results show that the different species of fish contain the myosin visible radiation ironss that are tantamount in molecular mass. which so means they are similar in their evolut ionary relationships. Western Blotting is used to Identify a Subunit of Myosin Light Chain in the Proteins of All the Different Fish. IntroductionWestern blotting is a technique in biological research that allows scientists to place and quantify specific proteins among a protein mixture. The method that is used is a â€Å"protein mixture is applied to gel-electrophoresis in a bearer matrix ( SDS-PAGE ) to divide a protein by size and charge. Following. the detached protein-bands are transferred into a bearer membrane. The proteins are so accessible for anti-bonding in order to observe them† ( Antibodies-online. com. 2012 ) . Myosin is a musculus protein that is indispensable to animate beings for endurance and has remained stable over clip. The myosin visible radiation concatenation can be compared from different species for evolutionary divergency and similarities. The aim of this survey is to prove that proteins can be markers to assist associate genetic sciences and development within a species of fish. Western blotting is used to place a myosin visible radiation concatenation from the proteins incorporating musculus tissues of different sorts of fish and trials that proteins are indexs of familial and evolutionary similitude ( Department of Biological Sciences. 2013 ) . MethodThe lab will get down with fixing musculus protein infusions by taking proteins from the musculus tissues of different fish. First. musculus tissues from different species of fish are added to five 1. 5 ml fliptop micro tubings that are labeled. Laemmli sample buffer is so added to each tubing. After. the micro tubings were flicked for a legion sum of clip to foment the tissue in the sample buffer. The following measure was put the tubing in the brooder for five proceedingss at room temperature. Once it cooled down the buffer was extracted from the tubing. go forthing the fish sample still in at that place. The fish sample was so heated at 95 °C for five proceedingss. The 2nd portion of the lab is to divide the proteins utilizing SDS-PAGE. The first measure is to put up the setup that will be used in the experiment ; which this is the polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis. A Ready Gel cassette is prepared and is placed into the electrode assembly. The electrode assembly is so placed in the interior chamber of the armored combat vehicle and filled with TGS gel running buffer. Once this is complete. heat the fish samples and actin and myosin criterions for 2-5 proceedingss at 95 °C and so lade the gel. Run the electrophorese for about 30 proceedingss at 200 V. When the clip is up take the gel from the cassette and reassign it into a container with 25 milliliters Coomassie discoloration and allow it stain for one hr with soft shaking. .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .postImageUrl , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:hover , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:visited , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:active { border:0!important; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:active , .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u766a2a83258fc445185c68c43b514c7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Information Systems EssayThe old two stairss were pull outing the proteins and dividing them by their size. The staying of the lab trades with the use of antibodies to assist place the myosin visible radiation concatenation in the tissue. First. chop off the underside and top of the gel and equilibrate the gel in blotting buffer for 15 proceedingss on a rocking platform. Next. soak the fibre in the blotting buffer. Following that. a blotting sandwich is made by adding blotting buffer to the container and infixing the plastic cassette. Put a wet fibre tablet on the black side of the cassette. On top of that lay a wet blotting paper on the fibre tablet and so turn o ver a pen lightly across to acquire the air bubbles out. Put the gel on top of the old bed and so lay a moisture nitrocellulose membrane on the gel. Another moisture blotting paper and fiber tablets are placed on top of the gel. Once this is complete. shut the cassette and put up the Mini Trans-Blot faculty. Fill with blotting buffer up to the top and so smudge for 2. 5 hours at 20V. The last portion of this process. antibodies will be used to observe one specific protein from others on the membrane. Incubate the membrane with 10 milliliters of primary antibody for 10-20 proceedingss and so topographic point on a rocking platform. Rinse the membrane rapidly after with wash buffer on a rocking platform. After three proceedingss is up. discard the wash and incubate the membrane with 10 milliliters of secondary antibody for 5-15 proceedingss on the platform. Rinse the membrane once more shortly after and wash the membrane for three proceedingss. Next. fling the wash and add 10 milliliter of HRP colour sensing reagent. Incubation will happen after this for 10-30 proceedingss. Once it is done. rinse the membrane twice with distilled H2O and smudge prohibitionists. ConsequencesHarmonizing to Figure 1. all of the protein bands of the different fishes migrated to indistinguishable places as the actin and myosin. Each set in every row represents a specific protein. The distance the sets moved are dependent on the size and molecular weight of the proteins. Smaller proteins travel farther and faster through the gel than larger proteins. Figure 2 and 3 demonstrates that the different fish proteins migrated around the same distances and have similar molecular multitudes of myosin. Figure 1: Picture of the gel after Western Blotting that is used to observe the myosin visible radiation concatenation. Molecular weights of the myosin visible radiation concatenation were blotted for comparing. The molecular weight criterion is indicated in kilodaltons. Figure 2: A standard curve used to mensurate and enter the distances of the protein bands. The graph is used to find the molecular multitudes of different myosins by comparing the mobility of unknown proteins with protein criterions that are in the same gel. The molecular mass is plotted on the y-axis against the distances migrated for each protein on the x-axis. SAMPLE NAMETunaCatfishPollockSalmonTilapiaMahi-MahiCodLake PerchA/M| Estimated Mr from Blot252020202025252525| Distance Migrated. mm75 mm78 mm78 mm80 mm78 mm72 mm74 mm74 mm74 mm| Calculated Mr1. 3981. 301. 301. 301. 301. 3981. 3981. 3981. 398| Distance Migrated ( millimeter ) Distance Migrated ( millimeter )Protein Molecular Mass ( kD )Protein Molecular Mass ( kD ) Figure 3: A tabular array demoing the different fish samples and a deliberate Mr for each one. The tabular array can be used to plot a graph to compare molecular weight vs. the distance the protein migrated. DiscussionUsing western blotting actin myosin can be identified from a mixture of proteins by utilizing antibodies. During the process of the gel cataphoresis. the proteins are negatively charged from the SDS in the Laemmli sample buffer. SDS is a negatively charged molecule that sticks to the polypeptide concatenation and adds a negative charge to let the proteins to migrate through the gel harmonizing to their molecular mass. The smaller that the myosin visible radiation concatenation is. the faster it will migrate because smaller proteins can travel through the gel matrix more rapidly. Blotting is the following measure in the process and the applied electric charge causes the proteins to go out of the gel and onto the membrane. â€Å"The protein-bands are bounded to the membrane and are now available for the designation of specific antibodies† ( Antibodies-online. com. 2012 ) . vitamin E .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .postImageUrl , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:hover , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:visited , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:active { border:0!important; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:active , .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943 .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc13062b175ad32de1f0f4e4bcf95e943:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Emilie du Chatelet EssayWestern Blotting and other protein computations helped concludr6e that all the proteins from the different types of fish contained the myosin actin visible radiation concatenation. The similar sets show that the antibodies used in this experiment acknowledge a â€Å"specific acid sequence common to most myosin visible radiation concatenation proteins that are in all kinds of animals† ( Cell Signaling Technology. 2012 ) . The fluctuation in the proteins. expose the evolutionary relationships between the different species of fish. The protein profiles of the fish. shows that the myosin visible radiation ironss of each fish are similar and all o f the species are closely related. â€Å"The primary construction of the protein subunits all remain comparatively the same because alterations in the construction can impact the map of myosin. This could diminish the opportunity of endurance for that animate being or supply evolutionary advantages† ( Department of Biological Sciences. 2012 ) . Mentions Antibodies-online. com. ( 2012 ) . Western Blotting: Background Information. Atlanta. GA. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. antibodies-online. com/resources/17/622/Western+Blotting+Background+information/ Cell Signaling Technology. ( 2012 ) . Myosin Light Chain. Danvers. MA. Department of Biological Sciences. ( 2012 ) . The Western Blot. Cell BiologyLaboratory Manual. Kent State University. pp. 118-171

Foreign Policy Cba free essay sample

This is a major issue in the U. S. because the amount of illegal immigrants is taking away a large amount of job opportunities for the U. S. citizens. The problem hasn’t been just at the Mexican and American Borders, many Immigrants will find other ways around the guarded areas. The U. S. has done lots of new changes to stop the amount of illegal immigrants. The Obama administration recently announced they will â€Å"stop deporting illegal immigrants younger than 30 if they were brought to the United States as children and only if they meet certain other requirements† (Homeland 1). Congress and successive administrations have increased the size of the Border Patrol from fewer than 3,000 agents to more than 21,000, built nearly 700 miles of fencing along the southern border with Mexico, and deployed pilotless drones, sensor cameras, and other expensive technologies aimed at preventing illegal crossings at the land borders. The government has overhauled the visa system to require interviews for all new visa applicants and instituted extensive background checks for many of those wishing to come to the United States to study, travel, visit family, or do business. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Policy Cba or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The goal is to create a border control system that ensures that only those legally permitted by the government to enter the territory of the United States will be able to do so, and that they will leave the country when required. (Alden 2) Many of the illegal immigrants come to the U. S. from Mexico to have children so that they don’t get forced back to Mexico, and because they want to live the â€Å"American Dream†. But in some cases the parents and children get separated like in the case of the Salvadoran brother and sister who â€Å"made their way over the international line between Mexico and Guatemala with the help of a smuggler who guided them through the jungle. † (Rotella 1) They ended up getting caught by Mexican immigration officers, when they claim all they were trying to do was find their parents who left them and settled in Las Vegas. With more than 1,200,000 illegal immigrants in the U. S. the job market has been slowly decreasing. Foreign workers increase the domestic supply of low-skilled labor, putting downward pressure on US wages. Many immigrants come to the U. S. because their earnings raise by 2. more here than at home and US immigration restrictions prevent them from entering the Country legally. Unauthorized immigrants provide a ready source of manpower in agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs, at a time when the share of low-skilled native-born individuals in the US labor force has drastically decreased. Illegal immigration to the United States is becoming difficult due to advanced technology, infrastructure, and enforcement. Some illegal immigrants illicit the assistance of a coyote, or smuggler, to help them navigate through the land and cross the border. Once they reach a certain point on the American side of the border, most of the time they have a vehicle waiting for them which is used to transport them to another location. Once they get to the location they usually have family and/or friends waiting to pick them up and to pay the coyote’s fee. Coyotes generally have insider knowledge about crossing the border, and know the best routes to avoid detection. Many Americans feel that there has been a large increase of illegal immigrants within the last few years. Looking at the statistics of immigrants that have been caught coming to the U. S. from Mexico well there was a major decrease of immigrants recorded of getting caught. In the year of 2001 there were just over 1,200,000 illegal immigrants which is a huge difference from the year of 2012 when there was just slightly over 300,000(CNN 5) Between president Bush and Obama’s terms of presidency there is now 11. 9 million illegal immigrants living in the U. S. with 500,000 new entrants arriving annually over the last decade over 50% were illegal immigrants from Mexico. Illegal immigrants have tried to cross the border through the Arizona desert. This is due to increased security along the Mexico-U. S. border near California. Throughout the summer months, there tend to be more cases of illegal immigrants who try to cross the Arizona desert and die from dehydration. Throughout the U. S. and Mexican border, more check points with U. S. border patrols have been added on the American side of the border. At these points, they may be asked for proof to verify that they are truly a U. S. citizen. As a result, it has become more difficult to illegally cross the border. Many illegal immigrants save up money or borrow money to cover the â€Å"coyotes† fee. Once a Mexican immigrant successfully crosses the border into the United States, they usually do one of two things they first aim is to send part of their earnings back home to their family and their second goal is to bring more family members to the United States. Eventually they hope to gain permanent residency (green card) and possibly to become a U. S. citizen. Other illegal immigrants come with a different purpose. They immigrate to the United States with the sole intention of finding a job that will allow them to save enough money to buy a house or set up their own business upon their return to Mexico. Many Mexican immigrants will say their main goal for coming to the U. S is to end their search of finding a better life. † (Support 3) Works Cited Alden, Edward. Immigration and Border Control. Winter 2012. 24 Jan. 2013 lt;http://www. dhs. gov/secretary-napolitano-announces-deferred-action-process-young-people-who-are-low-enforcementgt;. CNN POLITICS ON IMMIGRATION. † This Just In RSS. 15 June 2012. CNN. 24 Jan. 2013 lt;http://news. blogs. cnn. com/2012/06/15/facts-on-immigration-in-the-united-states/gt;. Hanson, Gordon H. Migration Policy. Mexican Immigration. Dec. 2009. 24 Jan. 2013 lt;http://www. migrationpolicy. org/pubs/hanson-dec09. pdfgt;. Homeland, Us security. Homeland. Nov. 2010. 24 Jan. 2013 lt;http://www. dhs. gov/secretary-napolitano-announces-deferred-action-process-young-people-who-are-low-enforcementgt;. ROTELLA, SEBASTIAN. Foreign Policy Magazine. Foreign Policy. 06 Dec. 2012. 24 Jan. 2013 lt;http://www. foreignpolicy. com/articles/2012/12/06/the_new_border_illegal_immigration_s_shifting_frontiergt;. Support, Immigration.

Free Essays on Dave

The play opens as the Younger family anxiously awaits the arrival of a check. It is the life insurance check of $10,000, made payable to Lena (Mama) Younger, the matriarch of the family, because of the death of her husband. The entire family lives within the walls of a tiny apartment and the play takes place entirely in its worn out, lived-in living room. Travis, the young son of Ruth and Walter Lee, sleeps on the couch in the living room and is constantly awoken by noise from the adults. Walter Lee and Beneatha are Lena's children. Walter Lee is married to Ruth, and works as a chauffeur, while Beneatha, much younger and energetic, plans to study to become a doctor. Each member of the family wants to do something different with the money, and therefore, waits anxiously for his/her new lifeto start. Walter Lee is working with low-life street men, Willy Harris and Bobo, to start a liquor store. He is obsessed with money and constantly feels as if the world is against him, especially his wife and mother. He storms out of the house, seeking the two men with whom he plans to do business and also to complain about his job. Mama meanswhile suspects Ruth to be pregnant. Beneatha discusses her new, independent style in college. She is courted by two men: the first boy, George Murchison, is a wealthy Negro concerned with appearances and material, while the second, Joseph Asagai, is a native African that inspires her intellectually and spiritually. Asagai brings Bennie authentic Nigerian robes as a gift, and she puts them on, pretending to be an African princess. George arrives to take Bennie out to the theater and is appalled by her attire, forcing her to change. The Younger family is in favor of George because they believe his money will help her and themselves. When the check finally does arrive, Lena has trouble dealing, for she realizes that the ten thousand dollars is a replacement for her husband. The family tells her to do what she de... Free Essays on Dave Free Essays on Dave The play opens as the Younger family anxiously awaits the arrival of a check. It is the life insurance check of $10,000, made payable to Lena (Mama) Younger, the matriarch of the family, because of the death of her husband. The entire family lives within the walls of a tiny apartment and the play takes place entirely in its worn out, lived-in living room. Travis, the young son of Ruth and Walter Lee, sleeps on the couch in the living room and is constantly awoken by noise from the adults. Walter Lee and Beneatha are Lena's children. Walter Lee is married to Ruth, and works as a chauffeur, while Beneatha, much younger and energetic, plans to study to become a doctor. Each member of the family wants to do something different with the money, and therefore, waits anxiously for his/her new lifeto start. Walter Lee is working with low-life street men, Willy Harris and Bobo, to start a liquor store. He is obsessed with money and constantly feels as if the world is against him, especially his wife and mother. He storms out of the house, seeking the two men with whom he plans to do business and also to complain about his job. Mama meanswhile suspects Ruth to be pregnant. Beneatha discusses her new, independent style in college. She is courted by two men: the first boy, George Murchison, is a wealthy Negro concerned with appearances and material, while the second, Joseph Asagai, is a native African that inspires her intellectually and spiritually. Asagai brings Bennie authentic Nigerian robes as a gift, and she puts them on, pretending to be an African princess. George arrives to take Bennie out to the theater and is appalled by her attire, forcing her to change. The Younger family is in favor of George because they believe his money will help her and themselves. When the check finally does arrive, Lena has trouble dealing, for she realizes that the ten thousand dollars is a replacement for her husband. The family tells her to do what she de...

Individual theories of delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual theories of delinquency - Essay Example The choice theories have their basis on criminology classical school. The main emphasize here is on one’s potential to come up with certain choices. According to these theories, delinquency and various antisocial behaviour results from different traits and processes that are biological such as the dysfunction of the brain and several others. The psychological theories just like the choice theories mainly traces the delinquency causes on different factors in an individual. However, the key focus is mainly on the individual’s intelligence, temperament and juvenile personality. According to Siegel and Welsh (2010), the first explanation of crime was that individuals make various choices with regard to their behaviour. The assumption was that every individual has the free will in choosing behaviour and that those who opt to violate the law were driven mainly by their own greed, survival, vengeance or even morals. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham who were utilitarian philosophers argued that in most cases individuals consider their action’s consequences before making any move on behaviour course. The scholars’writings formed the ancient classical criminology basis. Currently it is known as the rational choice theory. Choice theory assumption is that individual’s behaviour is a consequence that is directly linked to one’s conscious decisions either to be involved or not in a specific behaviour. According to the criminology classical school, the juveniles are people who are rational and intelligent with great potential to come up with different choices. Hence, this theory insists that before any action, young individuals calculate their behaviours costs and benefits. This theory further adds that crime is the outcome of supposing that greater gains will result from disobeying the law rather than following it. In most

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Case study ( Criminology ) - Essay Example This is not the first ethical case against Judge Jones as in late 2012; he was involved in an investment fraud case and was federally indicted. The consequences that time were suspension with pay and the case is still in the trial stage. Even though in this article only the Judge’s unethical behaviour has been mentioned, the prosecutor also had unethical conduct. She allowed the Judge to go ahead with hearing her cases and even helping her with case reassignment which she knew was wrong both ethically and criminally. Both parties (judge and prosecutor) were aware of the conflict of interest their romantic relationship presented to their work relationships but yet they simply were ignorant about it. They instead chose to use their romantic involvement and power of the black robe to give an upper hand to the prosecutor in the cases as well as prevent her from getting overworked hence the reassignment. The Judge romantic relationships or not holds a position in office where he is supposed to uphold equality, fairness and integrity not to mention ethics. In this case, he used the same office to break all the above mentioned virtues instead of upholding them all because of a romantic involvement with an officer of the court. Their behaviour set a bad example, creates mistrust and damage the confidence of the public towards law officers and the justice system in general. There are several measures which can be taken to prevent a repeat of the unethical behaviour like the one witnessed in the above case or even of other unethical behaviour likely to be manifested in the courtroom. The first of these is to prohibit ant romantic involvement between colleagues in the justice system unless they do not share the same court like Judge Jones and the prosecutor. This is as a way to avoid a repeat of the behaviour of the judge and encourage fairness as opposed to favouritism. The other way is to be conducting regular background and updated information on

Supply chain management - optimization problem Coursework

Supply chain management - optimization problem - Coursework Example ), the second cash flow comes at the end of year two and gets an interest for one year (one thousand, one hundred ?), whereas the third cash flow happens at the end of year three and thus does not earn any interest (one thousand ?) (Leeman, 2010, 34). It is the value of cash or an asset at a given time or date in the future, which has a value that is equal to a particular amount of money presently (Leeman, 2010, 34). The Future Value can be calculated in two different ways as follows: For an asset that has a simple annual interest: Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by (1= (rate of interest* the total number of years)). For an asset that has an interest that is compounded years, Future Value = Original Investment multiplied by [(1+rate of interest) ^ total number of years]. One has to account for inflation when planning for his or her retirement. The nominal interest rate is generally used; thus even though he or she might have several ? in the future; we find that the mon ey will actually be worth less that the present million ? (Leeman, 2010, 34). For proof of the impacts of inflation take into consideration that one ? in the year 1940 is presently worth about only 8.5 cents. How do you apply FV to a house purchase of ?245,000/7%Int/30 FV =Â   FV = ?245,000* (1.1)30 ? 4275103. ... At one point, the company’s profits were decreasing because of the competence of its logistics management. The company over depended on the in-house manufacturing and distribution operations that were dysfunctional such as incompetent movement of goods along the chain of supply. These issues led to the chief executive Jim Maxmin choose to form a coalition with Federal Express BLS, which is the master of logistics (Leeman, 2010, 34). FedEx utilizes their logistical ability to operate as the inventory and supply agent for various enterprises whose main proficiency is in manufacturing. This move will also benefit the Federal Express since neither of these companies could perform their function well and the alliance formed gave the better of the two worlds. There are a number of essential factors that supply chain alliances should have in order to be successful. This is since its control is not only associated with the management mechanism they employ. The alliance partners should balance the control mechanism with trust building and the level of this trust largely depends on the alliance formed. Laura Ashley and Federal Express based their alliance mainly on trust with few elements of control in the official agreement. The agreement that Laura Ashley and BLS arrived at resulted to BLS taking over LA’s Newtown, distribution activities and Wales’s warehouse. Jim Maxmin initiated this process and handed the project over to the Global Operations Executive team for implementation. This led to the reformation of the current procedures and writing down of new incorporated distribution system. LA had to withdraw from warehousing, handling of goods with distribution and handing this task to a third party. He felt that this procedure would take

Relationship Between Photography Art And Psychology Photography Essay

Relationship Between Photography Art And Psychology Photography Essay I believe that great art and photography can be produced as a result of psychic energy created from repressed drives and instincts being effectively sublimated into a creative activity. I also believe that a great deal of art created is a result and expression of what Freud referred to as the Death Drive. Furthermore I believe that increased levels of psychic energy and tension can be linked to the production of great art. Freuds death drive theory was first revealed in his 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Feud formulated this theory after working closely with patients suffering from severe trauma. Throughout the First World War Freud spent a great deal of time working with and observing the behaviour of the soldiers who had returned from the battlefields and trenches. Many of these soldiers were suffering from Traumatic War Neuroses (which is now referred to as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). Freud observed that the soldiers often had a tendency to dream, obsess, mentally repeat and in some severe cases re-enact the traumatic events they had witnessed. This obsessive attachment to the trauma seemed to contradict Frauds previous essay The Pleasure Principle which suggests that the individual is constantly seeking to maximize his or her own pleasure. Freud suggested that the mind is split into three distinctive groups. Firstly we have the conscious, which is home to those thoughts and percepti ons of which a person is fully aware. Secondly we have the pre-conscious, which is where we store our knowledge and memories and thirdly we have the unconscious, which is material that cannot be made available voluntarily such as fears, unacceptable sexual desires, irrational wishes, shameful experiences, selfish needs, immoral urges and violent motives. The three layers of personality are often portrayed as a mental iceberg, which is used to illustrate the incredible size of the unconscious. It is important to understand that according to Freud the death drive is part the id. The id is the most instinctive and primitive part of a persons personality and is the system we come equipped with at birth. According to Freuds essay The Pleasure Principle the id does not know right from wrong, it has no perception of morals, values or standards it simply seeks to maximise its own pleasure. The ego begins to develop after birth as the child begins to interact with their environment. The ego operates on the reality principle, which is survival orientated and prevents the person from doing anything that is overly detrimental. The super ego develops later as a result of societys values, morals and standards being passed onto the child through interaction with other people and adults. The super ego is the part of the personality that strives for perfection and works in contradiction to the id. Because the id and super ego are so dramatically opposed it falls on the ego to act as the m iddleman. The ego must satisfy the ids primitive impulses without offending the super egos moral character whilst also taking into consideration the reality of the situation. Human beings are torn between two opposing instinctive drives. On the one hand we have the Eros (the life drive). The Eros is a creative drive that promotes and supports harmony, reproduction, sexual connection and preservation of both the self and the species. On the other hand we have the Thanatos (Death Drive). The Death Drive is self-destructive and instinctively seeks aggression, compulsion, repetition and obliteration. Freud believed that the Death Drive is a persons drive towards death and the wish to return to an inanimate state. There are more socially acceptable ways of expressing the creative and sexual needs of the Eros without offending the moralistic super ego. It is the Death Drives destructive and aggressive characteristics that are more difficult to express. This could result in mindless aggression, masochism and hate. Because the ego has such a difficult time satisfying the impulses of both the id and the super ego it uses tools often referred to as Ego Defence Mechanisms to reduce anxiety and protect self-esteem. These defence mechanisms include denial, displacement, intellectualization, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, regression, sublimation and suppression. The ego defence mechanisms are used to push something that causes you anxiety into the unconscious. Freud believed that any psychic energy that is repressed would later have to emerge in one way or another. Freud stated that the psyche works to get rid of this energy in three ways. The first is catharsis, which will discharge the psychic energy through unconscious impulses such as laughter and crying. Sublimation is the second method that the psyche uses to channel the psychic energy. Sublimation converts the instincts and impulses to allow the person to express them in a way that is acceptable to the super ego write books, paint pictures, build bridges, do research, learn mathematical equations and so on (Nye 1999 pg 14) .If you cannot sublimate enough it can seriously affect your mental health. The displacement of the suppressed instincts then takes the form of the third method, which is neuroses. The neurosis is revealed in the form of symptoms. These symptoms work to reduce the psychic tension but are also detrimental to the person. These symptoms could manifest themselves in many forms such as depression, phobias, obsessions, denial and psychosis. This is why art is often used as an alternate therapy. The psychic tension is encouraged to manifest itself into something creative rather than letting it quietly fester into symptoms. Of the three defence mechanisms sublimation is the one that interests me the most. Sublimation is the mechanism that Freud believed could offer an overall explanation for artistic talent and the production of great art Since artistic talent and capacity are intimately connected with sublimation we must admit that the nature of the artistic function is also inaccessible to us along psychoanalytic lines (Clark 1965 pg165). Freuds essay on Leonardo da Vinci illustrates his theory regarding sublimation and its connection to artistic creativeness and genius. It is popularly believed that Leonardo da Vinci was homosexually inclined. He never married and was in fact charged with the act of sodomy twice in 1476 but was later released and the case dropped due to a lack of witnesses. Although anonymously accused of the act many of Leonardos contemporaries also believed him to be homosexual, Freud also believed this. It is the Oedipus complex that Freud believed could explain Leonardos homosexual inclinations. According to the Oedipus complex small children whilst in the Oedipal phase of libidinal and ego development (between the ages of three and five) harbour unconscious drives and feelings which centre around the complete possession of the parent of the opposite sex, in the case of a male child the mother would become the subject of this fixation. The child would then be in direct competition for the mothers affection with the father who at this point according to the child has become an intruder in the relationship. This would at first lead to conflict but the child soon realises that the father is bigger and in a position of authority. As the child then begins to recognise that the mother loves the father he wants to emulate his fathers masculine traits and behaviour in order to become more like him to earn favour with his mother. It is interesting that the Oedipus complex takes it name from the Greek mythological charter Oedipus who kills his father and marries his mother. Freuds views on this character were sympathetic he stated; His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours because the oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulses towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father (Freud 1889 p296) Leonardo was an illegitimate child, later adopted by his father and brought up in his fathers household. There is no historical record which indicates what kind of relationship Leonardo may have had with his mother or his step mother, or which tells us what kind of people they were. Nor is it known at what age Leonardo was removed from his mother to be brought up by his step mother and father (Storr 1999 pg75/76) According to Freuds theory regarding the Oedipus complex if Leonardo did not have a sufficient mother figure he would have had no need to emulate his fathers masculine traits and behaviour. This is what led Freud to conclude that Leonardo was homosexual. Being homosexual, and not being able to express himself openly would have been a great cause of stress and anxiety for Leonardo. This stress and anxiety was repressed into his unconscious and could have ultimately led to mental heath symptoms had he not been able to sublimate it so effectively. Freud believed that Leonardo was sublimating his sexuality into something more appropriate. The suppressed drives and instincts of Leonardos id were being sublimated through his creativity so effectively that he was able to create some of the worlds most amazing art works and inventions. The irony of Freuds theory is that if Leonardo had been allowed to be openly gay he would not have created this work. So what characteristics reveal the presence of the death drive and when is the death drive recognizable in art? I believe that the death drive can be observed in the work of many great artist and photographers. Common physical manifestations of the death drive in art include such bleak and morbid imagery as the grim reaper, skulls, blood, crows and hooded figures, but the manifestation does not always appear in such a literal way. The death drive is often expressed in works of art through subliminal and symbolic methods. Freud interpreted art in a similar way to how he interpreted dreams It was natural that he should apply the same technique of interpretation to works of art as he did to dreams, phantasies and neurotic symptoms. Just like dreams Freud believed that art is an expression of unconscious. The Death Drive cannot always manifest itself overtly in art. Its representation is often symbolic as the super ego would be damaged by anything that society deems a taboo or unacceptab le. Although Freuds theory regarding the interpretation of dreams was not an aesthetic one, I believe that the connection between what a person dreams and what is expressed by the subconscious during the process of sublimating psychic energy into a creative form draws many similarities and could indeed be analyzed in a similar way. Although the Freudian analysis of dreams focuses more on how the subconscious deals with and associates with our memories and emotions I think the same analysis can be used to look at how our subconscious deals with and expresses these same memories and emotions physically. One of the most obvious examples of an artist that depicts the death drive in his artwork is Damian Hirst. Hirst who has been described by a London art critics as the hooligan genius of British art seems to have an unhealthy obsession with death, his work is famously dark and notoriously unpleasant and morbid. Death, destruction and imagery related or connected to mortality are reoccurring themes in a great deal of Hirsts work, so much so that his work is often instantly identifiable purely from its subject matter. Hirst became a household name after exhibiting a series of dead animals that included a fourteen-foot tiger shark a sheep and a cow that were all preserved in a specially created formaldehyde solution. The title of the exhibition The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living seems to suggests that you cannot witness or experience your own death, an interesting title given the contents and the nature of the exhibition. Hirsts work is an examination of the processes of life and death: the ironies, falsehoods and desires that we mobilize to negotiate our own alienation and mortality. By preserving and then exhibiting these dead animals Hirst forces his audience to confront death head on. In my eyes this shocking tactic sums up exactly how the death drive can express itself in art . The death drive Hirst is also famous for creating a life size human skull cast in platinum titled For the Love of God. The skull is encased in 8601 diamonds and is currently the most expensive piece of art ever created. The use of a real human skull -which according to Hirst was purchased in Islington emphasises his fixation with mortality. The skull, which to many is regarded as the ultimate sign of death could be interpreted as an obvious incarnation of Hirsts own death drive. When interviewed by the Guardian newspaper regarding his luxurious crystal skull Hirst was quoted I just want to celebrate life by saying to hell with death, Death is such a key aspect of Hirsts work but so to is the controversy that surrounds it. Not only is Hirsts work an artistic representation of the themes and imagery often associated with the death drive but I believe that it is also a direct manifestation of the psychic energy created by the death drive. This energy is being sublimated into a creative art form. The work of Hirst would seem, if anything to be the artistic representation of someone with a wildly overactive active death drive, if this is true what has caused this? Looking into Hirsts childhood and early life there are several interesting events that could explain his need to sublimate psychic energy into other activities. Sigmund Freud believed that by viewing and analyzing a piece of art in a way similar to analyzing dreams he could gain an incite into the unconscious drives and instincts that helped create them. what he did with varying success, was to discover in the work of art evidence of the artists presumed infantile conflicts Hirsts parents separated when he was still very young, as a result his mother struggled to deal with his wild and often criminal behavior. Hirsts relationship with his mother became ever more strained as she failed to tolerate his acts of rebellion. The separation of his parents at the age of twelve would have been a great cause for stress and anxiety. A stress that could have easily developed into a mental illness had he not been able to sublimate this psychic energy so successfully through his works of art. The breakdown in the relationship between Hirst and his mother would also have been cause of anxiety. It is perhaps due to this anxiety that he was able to achieve and be so successful in later life. Hirst struggled as an artist throughout the first 23 years of his life, He persisted despite many complications and rejections, first at school and then sixth form where he was finally admitted only after his art teacher pleaded passionately with the staff begging them to give him a place. After two years spent in sixth form he left with an E grade A-Level in Art. After sixth form Hirst was then turned down and refused admission to the Leeds College of Art and Design but eventually managed to gain admission after he submitted a successful application. After his time at college Hirst worked for two years on various building sites before applying for a place to study Fine Art at Goldsmiths University in London. Again Hirst was initially refused admission but later reapplied and was granted a place. The struggle of Hirst to succeed in his artistic career in itself would be a great cause of stress and negative tension. Could this tension and psychic energy be the underlying cause of his Hirsts confrontation with death Artists have always been fascinated with death. The artist almost instinctively seeks to address and confront death. This desire to seek out and face death is reflected in the photographic work of Erik Van Der Weijde. Weijde is a professional self-publishing photographer whose work is usually architecture related and whose work is often released in intricately created limited editions. Weijdes work based in Germany looks at buildings and architecture built and used by the Nazis between 1943 and 1945. The project titled Siedlung which translates as neighborhood or settlement is a journey that focuses on houses built by the Nazis for the German working class NSDAP members. The creation of these houses was a powerful propaganda tool for the Nazi party, which artificially removed people from unemployment and enforced a deliberate sense of unity and uniformity. The first thing that I notice about these images is how cold and sterile they appear. The houses are well kept but there is no sign of life. There are no people in the streets, no visible animals. There is not even a single bird visible in the sky. This bizarre deadpan aesthetic is obviously an expression of Weijdes death drive and his deliberately simple images create a surreal soberness that unsettles the viewer. The photographs themselves whilst working well as a set do not follow any traditional systems or ru les regarding traditional architectural photography. The images have a candid feel to them, the effect of which is a sinister voyeuristic overtone that adds to the uncomfortable image subjects. Weijdes other photographic projects include a set of photographs taken at a location where Marc Dutroux used to go skating before he started kidnapping girls This project is very similar to his project about Nazi architecture. The project simply titled Ice-skating lanes consists of a collection of images taken outside a skating rink. Similarly to the Nazi project the images show no evidence or make any reference to the events that took place. Perhaps taken out of context these images would not be so cold and sobering. Both of these projects have been shot within the last couple of years Ice-skating lanes is dated 2006 and Third Reich 2007. Weijde has decided to shoot the majority of the images in these projects not in colour but in black and white. I feel that the black and white images are much more effective and evoke a much stronger sense of dread. Death is a state of minimalism and this deliberate decision to remove colour from the images gives them an archival feel, which if anything strengthens the morbidly unsettling atmosphere captured in the photographs. The production or creation of an archive reflects the death drives compulsive need for repetition. Weijdes images are so simple in fact that they gain a surreal, otherworldly characteristic. The subject of Weijdes work is so frequently morbid that it is impossible to ignore his obvious fascination with death nor is it possible to ignore his deliberate pursuit and confrontation of death. I believe that Weijde is a true example of how the d eath drive can inspire art or photography. Weijdes interest lies purely in the fascination he has regarding the locations of these terrible incidents, he is not financially motivated nor does he seek controversy. The fascination of documenting death and destruction does not end with Eric Van Der Weijde. Photographers from all over the world share a similar bond with death, a bond draws them to scenes of unimaginable carnage. Enrique Metinides is known for his macabre depictions of life in Mexico City. Having photographed his first dead body before the age of twelve, Metinides developed an obsession with documenting the recently deceased, for years he slept with his radio tuned into the frequencies of various emergency services such as the police, fire brigade and ambulance, desperately trying to eavesdrop and listen in on breaking news on disasters and tragic events that was being relayed from call centers to the emergency services. Sleeping in his clothes and listening long into the night Metinides was always prepared to leave his house at a moments notice in order to follow a scoop. Metinides employed a series of unconventional methods to ensure that he was always first on scene, these methods included hanging around outside the various police stations and morgues and volunteering with the Red Cross so that he could arrive on scene with ambulances and paramedics, by doing this he was able to document the events without any interference from the public or police. The length that Metinides went to in order to ensure his place at the front of each incident illustrates his commitment and dedication to his work, a dedication that is shared by many artists and photographers. It is possible that this energetic drive was fuelled by Metinidess own death drive the sublimation of which resulted in the obsessive habits and behavior he developed in order to successfully pursue his work. Metinidess preparations often gave him the edge over the press and other reporters allowing him to be first on the scene of each disaster, armed with his trusted camera he documented each gru esome and bloody incident. During his career Metinides worked for the Nota Roja (bloody news). Whilst working for the bloody news Metinides built a morbid portfolio of suicide jumpers, decapitated bodies, street stabbings, crime scenes, accidental electrocutions, car wrecks, airplane crashes, exploding gas tanks, train derailments and other disasters. Metinidess photography is unpleasantly tragic; he depicts these scenes of carnage in such a stark and unforgiving way. The images differ considerably from the archival styled work of Eric Van Der Weijde in both content and style. Eric Van Der Weijdes images exhibit the death drive in a more subtle and symbolic way that at first glance could easily be missed, whereas the work of Metinides expresses the death drive in a much more aggressive way. This is partly because the work of Eric Van Der Weijde is inspired by acts from the past concentrating on documenting them in the present whereas Metinidess work focuses on the chaos, unpredictable and spontaneous nature of life and death. The subject matter of Metinidess work is so brutally shocking that it almost seems unreal. The images are almost driven to the point of abstraction as the audience is forced to confront the death that Metinides has photographed. These images arent cheap magazine photoplays. The deaths and disasters are real. So why was Metinides so obsessed with confronting death? What was it that he sought to document? The underlying cause of Metinidess build up of psychic energy which lead to the necessity of sublimation was not a result of repressed sexual as it had been with Leonardo Da Vinci, nor was it the result of a broken home or childhood conflicts with his mother. I believe that Metinidess entire career developed as a result of the first dead body he encountered as a child. The son of a popular restaurant owner young Metinides befriended the policemen and women that would eat there. They invited him to the station where he encountered his first corpse; the corpse had been laid on a track and beheaded by a train This scene took the fear out of me, so I could continue to look at these kinds of images for the next fifty years From then on Metinides used his box camera to take and collect pictures of accidents. Now this of course is not the usual behavior of a teenage boy and I believe could be the route of his lifetime fascination with the dead. Other interesting facts known about Metinides are that he is a passionate collector of various objects, particularly model ambulances and police cars which he owns over 4000 of. Excessive collecting is often linked to the death drive as the death drive seeks repetition. Metinides is also an obsessive archivist who even till this day compulsively catalogues video footage of live accidents from television for a growing personal archive again this behavior could be argued to be the result of the death drive but interestingly could also be explained by the Eros, the life drive that instinctively seeks to preserve and create. In an interesting interview with Metinides conducted by VMAGAZINE he tells of an incident where a man attempted to jump from the top of the Torero Stadium building because, he said he wanted to feel what death felt like. Metinidess work cannot visually convey what death feels like but it does however illustrate what death feels like to those around it. Personally I believe that Metinides work goes way beyond even the most compelling of photojournalism. When viewing Metinidess work I feel myself drawn into his images. I feel like I am watching the events from a safe distance but then the realization dawns that I am not alone. In many of Metinidess images large crowds of people have gathered around the scene of the accident and as I stare transfixed on the limp, lifeless body of a child or the cold dead face of a motor accident victim I slowly begin to pan out and notice the crowds of people not looking at the wreckage and chaos, instead there gaze is directly at me. People in the crowds are often looking straight into the lens of Metinidess camera it makes us, as the audience feel uncomfortable as there eyes meet with our own but at the same time this awkward eye contact completes the cycle of voyeurism. In a similar fashion to Damian Hirst Metinidess work exploits death. His whole career has been built around the sad and unfortunate events that ended with a person losing their live. It seems that being able to face death, whether morally right or not can be very profitable business. Death is a constant theme in the history of art and photography, I believe that the popularity of the subject lies in the audiences desire to understand and confront their own mortality. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..work shows how fragile we are and how suddenly life can be taken away from us. The fact that these images remain so admired and that Metinides is still regarded as Mexicos most popular newspaper photographer suggests that the obsession with death lies not just with the artist or the photographer but also with the audience. Perhaps the need for an artist to confront or portray death is not only a response to their own death drive but also to the death drive of their audience. I believe that by viewing work by artists such as Metinides the audience is able to sublimate some of their own negative energy. Art has long been known for its therapeutic properties Conclusion>>> Psychic energy is what fuels a persons actions. Art is a direct sublimation of this psychic energy. If you are well balanced and mentally well rounded you will have less of this psychic energy to draw from. So basically the more screwed up and mentally unstable you are the more psychic energy you have to express in your artwork. This is why many great artists are often on the edge/ verge of a mental break down.

Alice Munro Open Secrets The A Essay -- essays research papers

ALICE MUNRO’S THE ALBANIAN VIRGIN IN OPEN SECRETS EXEMPLIES HER CHARACTERISTIC APPROACH To try to trace Alice Munro’s narrative techniques to any particular development in the short story The Albanian Virgin would be difficult. This could be because it is simply written from careful observations as are many of her other short stories. In her short stories, it is as though she tries to transform a common, ordinary world into something that is unsettling and mysterious as was seen in Vandals. Most of her stories found in Open Secrets, are set or focused on Munro’s native Canada, Huron County, and particularly in the small fictional Ontario town of Carstairs, although the setting in The Albanian Virgin is in British Columbia. The story, The Albanian Virgin, found in Open Secrets, exemplifies Munro’s characteristic approach to short story writing as it explores central character’s lives that are revealed from a combination of first person narrative and third person narrative. By using both narratives, Munro adds realism, some autobiographica l information about her own life in the short stories, as the stories are also based on fiction as can it be found in earlier written short stories. Since many of her stories are based on the region in which she was born, the characters and narrators are often thought of as being about her life and how she grew up; and making her stories appear from a feminist approach. This could also indicate why the central characters in the short stories in Open Secrets, are all women: a young woman kidnapped by Albanian tribesmen in the 1920’s in The Albanian Virgin, and a young born-again Christian whose unresolved feelings of love and anger cause her to vandalize a house in Vandals. Her theme has often been the dilemmas of the adolescent girl coming to terms with family and a small town. Her more recent work has addressed the problems of middle age, of women alone, and of the elderly. The characteristic of her style is the search for some revelatory gesture by which an event is illuminated and given personal significance. (The Canadian Encyclopedia Plus 1995) Munro’s later work can probably be seen as that of her later or more recent memories, as she ages so does the characters of her short stories. The short story, An Albanian Virgin, begins... ...sp; The use of narratives, both first person and third person brings about the unique style of Alice Munro. Not many writers could write in such a way that makes the reader feel like they are the narrator in a way. Most of her stories have often been compared to be more near autobiography than to fiction by some critics. It is true that much of her stories in some way or another do relate to her life, being that of her childhood or that of her later years. The point of the matter is that although the reader can distinguish some similarities in the stories, they are for the most part fictitious with an add of some realism to them. REFERENCES Blodgett, E.D. "Alice Munro." The Canadian Encyclopedia Plus. 1995. Bloom, Amy. "From Strength to Strength." The Boston Book Review. January/February 1995, Electric Newstand. MacKendrick, Louis, K. Alice Munro’s Narrative Acts. Downsview, ECW Press, 1983. Munro, Alice. Open Secrets. Toronto: McClelland & Steward Inc., 1994. Turbide, Diane. "The Incomparable Storyteller." Maclean’s. October 17, 1994, 46-49.

Parzania †Critical Review Essay

These words are reminiscent of a Gandhian quote. The Father of the Nation, a larger than life individual, who single-handedly stunned the world with his unusual principles which millions believe, paved the way for the Indian Independence. However, his dedication and perseverance to free the Indians by non-violent means is being honored more in theory, as of today, than in practice. The above quote is from a 2007 Rahul Dholakia movie, namely, Parzania. Critically acclaimed and thrown open to a global audience, it attempts in the characteristic manner of all literature, to reiterate a story, in a way that will make people reflect on it and see the events of the tale in a whole new light, much like the concept of defamiliarization. The movie is about the horrific events that took place in Godhra, Ahmedabad on Februray 28th 2002. Communal violence is a social and political evil that has taken India by storm after Independence. Our country is exemplary of the claim that two predominant religious groups cannot co-exist. This very fact has been exquisitely portrayed in Parzania, which is unalike any piece of literature covering a similar issue. Firstly, the irony of the tale lies in the fact that the events of the Godhra riots which was primarily a Hindu-Muslim discrepancy, has been depicted from the point of view of a Parsi family as well as a formerly Protestant, American man. This almost-objective narrative is the essence of the story because it eliminates all cause for concern regarding any sort of bias. The audience is free to display any feelings of sympathy and compassion for the protagonists, without the fear of being disloyal to their religious sentiments. Moreover, Muslims are the minority in India. They account for roughly 14% of the population of the nation as a result of which, they are always the popular villains. Regardless of the mounting evidence supporting their equal contribution to communal violence in India, more often than not, they are blamed for having instigated any and all mayhem. Parzania, on the contrary has, in a very subtle manner, portrayed the Muslims as the grieving community. The movie concentrates chiefly on the events of February 28th, 2002, when thousands of Hindu rioters retaliated most violently to the burning of the Sabarmati Express, killing 59 Hindus the day before. Muslim inhabited areas were focused upon and several hundred Muslims were massacred in the most horrifying manner. Thus, Parzania tempers its objectivity by making a understated case for the innocent Muslim people who unwittingly fell prey to the hungry demon, that is communal violence. The greatest consequence of Communal violence is not the expression violence; it is the creation of it. Parzania is the story of how a minority of non-violent, extremists are capable of such wide spread massacre. It depicts, most beautifully, a community of people who are as religiously diverse as they can get and yet find a way to co-exist peacefully. ‘The Mansion’ as it is called, is a small community of middle class Hindu, Muslim and Parsi families who sow the seeds of warmth and friendship and hence reap the benefits of love and belongingness. The women indulge in good-natured gossip about each other but support each other unconditionally albeit worshipping a triad of Gods. This peaceful setting is the prequel to how deep friendships are shattered due to religious and political differences. It is human tendency to want to avenge the wrongs done to you. Communal violence works on this principle. It is an infinite loop; no one can trace the origins of it, or know for sure as to who threw the first stone. But with every incident of communal violence, a beast awakens in formerly peaceful people and they occupy their minds, bodies and souls with thoughts of revenge. This is the case of a Muslim lad, Asif who lived among the inhabitants of The Mansion. A compassionate man, he is seen chiding members of his religious community for shaming Muslims as a group. He laughs and mingles with the Hindus, Muslims and Parsis alike, and shows no signs of revolt. However, being witness to the murder of her aging father changes the man he is. He rounds up other enraged Muslims and yearns to right the wrongs done to him. His extreme action is only a reaction to the injustices done to him, but that can be said about every riot, every instance of attack or violence. The blame game never ends; it does not have a solution. Hence, the violence festers and continues, creating new perpetuators of Communal violence in a vicious circle. The story begins with a young American man, Alan (Corin Nemec) who seeks to publish his thesis about the life and trials of Mahatma Gandhi. Having traveled all the way to Ahmedabad, India, he lives among the locals in the state that bore the Mahatma. His objective view of the nation is a reality-check of sorts; forcing us to reconsider our society, polity and economy. Inspired by Gandhian principles, he attempts to study about the Gandhi himself, so as to put his disorderly life into perspective. However, he is shocked to the point of disbelief as the Communal violence unravels around him, in a place that prohibited the consumption of alcohol and largely meat, as a tribute to Gandhi, but nurtures and nourishes religious animosity and non-violence; the two most important things that Gandhi tried to obliterate in the nation. The irony of the situation does not fail to catch the audience’s attention as they see the country in the eyes of a foreigner, who is driven to the point of helpless tears at the plight of the country. During his stay in Ahmedabad, he befriends several people, including a good-natured Parsi man, Cyrus (Naseeruddin Shah), his wife, Shahnaz (Sarika) and his two young children. They seem well-educated and intelligent, albeit middle class, and welcome Alan into their lives and home. The young boy, 10 year old Parzaan (Parzan Dastur) is an imaginative child, who creates a fantasy world for himself, much like the pre-Pandora world. He calls it Parzania and fills it with innocence and beauty; a place where he and his younger sister can retreat into, and can be guaranteed of happiness, love and comfort. In the larger sense of the movie, Parzania is an example of a time and place where the ugly, rearing head of communal violence can be slaughtered and Indians will be able to find unity in religious diversity. Parzaan is a typical 10 year old miscreant, with his love for cricket and lack of academic interest. But his loving parents have utmost faith in him and believe wholeheartedly in his potential to do great things. This almost fairy-tale like aura is shattered on the day the riots occur. In her attempt to escape angry Hindu mobs with swords and other killing weapons, Shahnaz scampers to protect her children but suddenly loses sight of Parzaan. In light of what was happening all around her, she realizes her daughter is in more danger and rushes to bring her to safety so that she can find her son. But she fails to do so, and this she has to live with for the rest of her life. During this time in the movie, another evil of the Indian sociopolitical condition is brilliantly depicted. The Godhra Riots and its aftermath saw widespread corruption chiefly among the Police Force and the Hindu Ruling Party. Parzania is a reflection of this sad state of affairs when bribes were the order of the day as the ‘protectors’ of society not only watched the gory events like voyeurs, but they laughed and cheered as they unraveled. In their undeterred search for their son, a sense of pathos is evident in the lives of Cyrus and Shahnaz. They are looted by corrupt policemen and manipulated by power-hungry Hindu Party workers as they go through the awful experiences of looking for their son among casualties and the like. When all else fails, the couple begin to draw support from their faith, but in different ways. Cyrus turns to traditional Parsi rituals of cleansing and purifying himself in his quest for answers. Shanaz, on the other hand, as noticed by Alan, quietly prays, for her son, her daughter and her husband, to give them strength to continue on. At this moment, one of the most powerful lines in the movie is delivered by Alan as he reflects quietly upon the irony of the situation. He says, ‘Never in my life would I have guessed that religion could be both the cause of the problem AND the solution. ’ The victims testify at the National Human Rights Commission despite the threats made anonymously. Shahnaz’s testimony serves as a sort of confession, an outburst. The audience realizes that she carries with her and will carry with her, for the rest of her life, the guilt of not having protected her son enough. She clearly blames herself and breaks down, in a heart wrenching plea for forgiveness, even know she knows with certainty that she can never forgive herself. The story of Parzaan is surprisingly never revealed to the audience. This both frustrates and interests the audience, as we are left hanging, in anticipation for more. This may be due to the fact that the movie has been inspired from a real story of a boy who went missing during the Godhra Riots and hasn’t been found yet, and thus, that side of the story may never be told. Parzania is classic example of how an innocent bystander is at the greatest risk of being hurt. The vultures that feast on the flesh of deceased Parsis, is a metaphor for Communal violence, and how it attacks and destroys people for selfish reasons without a care in the world. This poignant tale does not fail to break your heart with its magnificent rendition of real-life tragedies and events and how they lead to the breakdown of human emotion and humanity in general.